Navigating the waves in Colombia: a cohort study of inpatient care during four COVID-19 waves.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the intricate dynamics between different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding variations in clinical outcomes is essential for informed public health decision-making. Comprehensive insights into these fluctuations can guide resource allocation, healthcare policies, and the development of effective interventions. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 at peak transmission points by including all patients attended during the first four pandemic waves in a referral center in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective observational study of 2733 patients, clinical and demographic data were extracted from the Fundacion Valle de Lili's COVID-19 Registry, focusing on ICU admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV), length of hospital stay, and mortality. RESULTS: Our analysis unveiled substantial shifts in patient care patterns. Notably, the proportion of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy and experiencing secondary infections exhibited a pronounced decrease across waves (p < 0.001). Remarkably, there was a significant reduction in ICU admissions (62.83% vs. 51.23% vs. 58.23% vs. 46.70 %, p < 0.001), Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) usage (39.25% vs. 32.22% vs. 31.22% vs. 21.55 %, p < 0.001), and Length of Hospital Stay (LOS) (9 vs. 8 vs. 8 vs. 8 days, p < 0.001) over the successive waves. Surprisingly, hospital mortality remained stable at approximately 18‒20 % (p > 0.05). Notably, vaccination coverage with one or more doses surged from 0 % during the initial waves to 66.71 % in the fourth wave. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings emphasize the critical importance of adapting healthcare strategies to the evolving dynamics of the pandemic. The reduction in ICU admissions, IMV utilization, and LOS, coupled with the rise in vaccination rates, underscores the adaptability of healthcare systems. Hospital mortality's persistence may warrant further exploration of treatment strategies. These insights can inform public health responses, helping policymakers allocate resources effectively and tailor interventions to specific phases of the pandemic.

Hospital-based COVID-19 registry: Design and implementation. Colombian experience.

Registries are essential to providing valuable clinical and epidemiological decisions. Designing a registry is challenging because it is time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we described our experience with the rationale, design, and implementation of a hospital-based COVID-19 registry in Cali, Colombia. We designed and implemented a hospital-based registry over a dynamic web-based structure to record all sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory tests, imaging, treatment, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2. We included 4458 confirmed COVID-19 cases of 18 years and older from March 2020 to March 2021. The median age was 48 years. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The ICU admission rate was 19%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 20%. The implemented strategies provided rapid and reliable information collection for the registry of emerging studies from the different clinical areas. Regular data quality and feedback are essential to ensure the reliability of the information. The integration of automatic data extraction reduces time consumption in information gathering and resources.

Demographic and clinical characterization of pediatric group patients with inborn errors of the immune system in a Colombian tertiary hospital.

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, there has been a growing increase in the diagnosis of patients with inborn errors of the immune system, formerly known as primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs). Timely diagnosis remains a challenge due to low clinical suspicion and poor education on the subject. It is estimated that between 70% and 90% of these pathologies remain underdiagnosed in our environment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to characterize the demographic and clinical presentation of pediatric group patients with inborn errors of the immune system in a Colombian tertiary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of 306 patients with a diagnosis of innate errors of the immune system who consulted the PID clinic between 2011 and 2018 in a high-complexity institution in Cali, Colombia. RESULTS: Three-hundred and six patients were included. The median age was 4 years (IQR 2.3-7.7 years), and 59.5% of the patients were male. According to the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency classification for inborn errors of the immune system, the most common group was antibody deficiency in 74.8% (n˂229), especially in the age group between 1 and 5 years. The least frequent in our population was complement deficiency. Of the warning signs stipulated for these pathologies, the most frequent were the (1) need for intravenous antibiotics (32%), (2) difficulty growing (15.7%), (3) four or more episodes of ear infection (10.8%), and (4) abscesses in organs or cutaneous abscesses (12.7%). No patient reported two or more episodes of pneumonia or sinusitis, and only 5.8% of the patients received a bone marrow transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Innate errors of the immune system require an early diagnosis with follow-up from an early age to ensure adequate management and follow-up in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. It is imperative to sensitize the medical population about the existence of these pathologies so that early intervention can be carried out, which improves the quality of life of patients and their families.

Effect of the oscillating magnetic field on airborne fungal.

This study shows that some species of fungi are affected by the magnetic field, which should be taken into account in studies of airborne fungal and air quality. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the oscillating magnetic field (OMF) on the behavior of colonies of three fungi genus growth in different culture mediums. The stains were: Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Penicillium citrinum and were inoculated in 90 mm Petri dishes with: Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Czapek-Dox Agar (CDA). Was applied them OMF of 60 Hz/220 V between 1 and 5 mT during 2 h and then they were incubated 7 days to 28 °C. Colonies size (mm) every day was measured. Stimulation in the colonies size of all experimental conditions was showed; the greatest size of A. niger in MEA was notorious. It was demonstrated by statist analyze that only colonies size with 1 mT was significance respect to the control. The effect of OMF on the cellular metabolism was evidenced, as well as: less exudation and major pigmentation of P. citrinum in MEA; variation of pigmentation of A. niger and C. cladosporioides in CDA and increase of conidiogenesis of A. niger in SDA. Was concluded that the applied OMF had a major influence on size colony and mycelia pigmentation of A. niger that C. cladosporioides and P. citrinum, independently of the nutritional state according to the culture medium employed in this study.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair in a case of grade III blunt aortic injury with aberrant vertebral artery origin.

Aberrant origin of the left vertebral artery (LVA) can pose a challenge during thoracic endovascular aortic repair. We encountered such a patient who was involved in a motor vehicle accident in whom computed tomography angiography revealed a grade IIIB blunt aortic injury with an anomalous origin of the LVA distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. On-table aortography confirmed dominance of the LVA. Hence, an open left carotid-vertebral and then left carotid-subclavian artery bypass was performed, followed by thoracic endovascular aortic repair. The patient recovered well and was discharged home 3 days later.

Efecto de un suplemento nutricional específico (Balnimax(R)) en la cicatrización de úlceras de la extremidad inferior de etiología venosa y úlceras por presión / Effect of a specific nutritional supplement (Balnimax(R)) on lower extremity ulcers of venous etiology and pressure ulcers

Objetivo: evaluar un suplemento nutricional específico, Balnimax(R) (ácido alfa-lipoico, L-arginina, L-metionina, complejo de vitamina B, vitamina E y selenio) junto con la práctica clínica diaria en la cicatrización de las úlceras por presión y úlceras de etiología venosa. Material y método: se llevó a cabo un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo, de medidas repetidas en un solo grupo y postautorización en pacientes con úlceras por presión y úlceras de etiología venosa sin signos clínicos de infección local, que fueron tratados durante 8 semanas. Las medidas se registraron al inicio y en las semanas 2, 4, 6 y 8. Los pacientes recibieron una cápsula oral dos veces al día, con las comidas. La medida de resultado principal fue el porcentaje de reducción en el tamaño de la herida. Además, se estudió la cicatrización completa. El tamaño de la muestra se determinó para comparar los resultados frente a un valor de referencia. Se requería un total de 127 pacientes para detectar una diferencia igual o superior al 15% en la reducción del área. Se asumió como porcentaje de reducción de referencia un 57%. Además, se estimó un 10% de pérdidas en el seguimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron y finalizaron el estudio 112 pacientes con 133 heridas (un 16,0% tuvieron dos o más lesiones), con una media de edad de 74,2 ± 12,0 (mediana: 77, extremos: 35-94). Un 69,8% eran mujeres, la mayoría pacientes ambulatorios (98,4%). En un 9% se utilizaron moduladores de las proteasas y solo en un 27,2% se aplicó un vendaje compresivo multicapa. Un total de 58 (43,6%) úlceras cicatrizaron durante el periodo del estudio. La evolución del tamaño de la herida y su porcentaje de reducción fueron estadísticamente significativos (p ≤ 0,001), disminuyendo a lo largo del tiempo. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados del estudio y el valor de referencia (p ≤ 0,001). Conclusiones: a pesar de las posibles limitaciones metodológicas por ser un estudio en un solo grupo, el complemento estudiado parece tener un efecto sobre la cicatrización. Los resultados son mejores que los publicados previamente con otros suplementos nutricionales o frente a la cura en ambiente húmedo por sí sola

Objective: To evaluate a specific oral nutritional supplement, Balnimax(R) (alfa-lipoic acid, L-arginine, L-methionine, vitamin B complex, vitamin E and selenium) along with daily clinical practice on the healing of pressure and venous leg ulcers. Method: a multicentre, prospective, single-group, repeated measures and post-authorization study was carried out with pressure and venous leg ulcers’ patients without signs of local infection, to be treated for up to 8 weeks. Measures were recorded at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The patients received a tablet orally twice daily with meals. The primary outcome variable was the percentage of wound size reduction. We also analysed the complete healing. The sample size calculation was determined to compare the results against a reference value. 127 subjects would be required to detect a difference equal to or above 15%. It was assumed that the percentage of wound reduction was 57%. We estimated a loss rate of up to 10%. Results: 112 patients with 133 wounds were included and finished the study (16.0% had 2 or more wounds), with a mean age of 74.2±12.0 (median: 77, extremes: 35-94). 69.8% were women, most of them ambulatory patients (98.4%). In 9% proteases modulators were used and in only 27.2% was applied a multilayer compression therapy. 58 (43.6%) ulcers healed during the study period. The evolution of wound size and percentage reduction was, statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001), decreasing over time period. It was a statistical significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) between the results and the reference value. Conclusions: Despite the possible methodological flaws due to a single-group study, the supplement studied seems to be an effect over healing. The results are better than previous published with other nutritional supplements or with moist wound healing only